The author is especially grateful to Daniel Nontlan for his contribution on the history of the circus and to Kristen Girardi, the editor, for her generous and careful attention to every single detail in the book.
C Copyrtght by Un Lougheed All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed tn any fonn or by any means wtthout the wrttten permission of the copyright owner. AU inqutrtes should be addressed to: Barron's Educational 5eries, Inc. Engltsh Language Testing System-study guides. As the number of words you understand when you are reading and ltstening increases, your speaking and writing vocabulary will tmprove as well.
However, comprehension is tested. Can you understand what you read? Can you understand what you hear? The more words you know, the more you will understand. The more words you know, the more fluently you will be able to speak and write. Essential Words for the IEL1S will teach you words that you might find on the exam in reading and listening and that you might use in writing and speaking.
You will also learn skills that will help you learn new words easily. The context provides clues to the meaning of a word. These clues may be in the same entence or in the same paragraph. You will learn to look for definitions, synonyms, or paraphrases within the text.
Punctuation is another context clue. A definition or a synonym is often set apart by parentheses, commas, dashes, or a colon. You will learn to recognize these clues.
Analyzing a word also helps you determine the meanmg of a word. Compound words, prefixes, and suffixes are other context clues. You will learn to recognize common prefixes and suffixes and how words are joined together. Steven J Matthiesen,. Download e-Book Pdf. Related e-Books. Nearly words are listed with definitions and pronunciation help.
The complete package for self-study includes the student book with hundreds of skill-building exercises, the full audio program on audio CDs for use with the exercises and practice tests in the book, and the CD-ROM with seven practice tests. She has always been a conformist. The discovery of oil was an enrichment for the country. The chess match was played with great intensity. His boss was intolerant of his tardiness.
Maintaining roads is an ongoing job. Small space heaters are a potential fire hazard. Her proposal was well accepted. It is a beautiful restoration of the old table. Milk, bread, and eggs are staples of most American grocery stores. The main staple of Asian diets is rice. The turbulent crowd insisted on a meeting with the prime minister. His intense vitality was easily observable.
The point at which pain becomes intolerable is known as the pain perception threshold. Studies have found this point to be similar among different social and cultural groups. However, the pain tolerance threshold varies significantly among these groups. A stoical, unemotional response to pain may be seen as a sign of braveness in certain cultural or social environments. However, this behavior can also mask the seriousness of an injury to an examining physician. Nutritional additives are utilized to restore nutrients lost during production, to enrich certain foods in order to correct dietary deficiencies, or to add nutrients to food substitutes.
Nowadays, vitamins are commonly added to many foods in order to increase their nutritional value. For example, vitamins A and D are added to dairy and cereal products, and several of the B vitamins are added to cereals. In modern manufacturing production facilities that produce equipment sensitive to environmental contamination, a dust-free working area with strict temperature and humidity controls is of vital importance.
Seamless plastic walls and ceilings, external lighting, a continuous flow of dust-free air, and daily cleaning are features of this "clean room. When entering this room, they pass through a "shower" to remove contaminants. Human populations are classified in terms of genetically transmitted traits. For groups that have lived for generations in certain locations, research illustrates the long-term genetic effects of environmental factors such as climate and diet.
Ongoing investigations track the history of evolution and its genetic changes and help to explain the origin of genetically determined diseases and their long-term influence. In the s, a rising generation of young antiorganization leaders came on the political scene. These leaders transformed the art and practice of politics in the United States, by exercising strong leadership and by bringing about institutional changes that helped revitalize political democracy.
Most important was their achievement of economic and social objectives, such as legislation to prevent child labor, and accident insurance systems to provide compensation to injured workers. There are more than types or species of chameleon.
A member of the lizard family, the chameleon lives in countries as diverse as Madagascar, Spain, and Sri Lanka. It is thought to change color to conform to its surroundings, but that is rarely true.
While changes do occur with changes in light or temperature, especially when the chameleon is frightened, its new color rarely matches its immediate surroundings. Infrared light emission photographs are particularly helpful to astronomers. The composition and temperature of heavenly bodies can often be determined by analysis of photos taken with a camera that is sensitive to infrared light emissions.
Using infrared detectors, astronomers can observe cooler celestial objects than they can with optical devices, since infrared radiation is less affected by interstellar dust than is light. Working environments in which loud noise is frequent can be harmful to the employee. Aside from simply being annoying, the most measurable physical effect of noise pollution is damage to hearing.
This may be either temporary or permanent and may cause disruption of normal activities. In work areas where noise is a problem, care should be taken to protect the ears with earplugs. The construction of shelter, found among the first stable human societies about 5, years ago, is considered to be among the most important of all ancient human activities. The systematic placement of groups of housing marked a momentous cultural transition toward the formation of towns. It generated new needs and resources and was accompanied by a significant increase in technological innovation.
Seeking to take advantage of new economic trends of the late s, Manitoba's leaders made important changes in economic policies. These changes, which anticipated new directions in economic development of the region, took advantage of the unique business attributes of the province. During the early s, these policies gave the province an advantage over other prairie provinces. Her letter was full of ambiguities. The teacher arbitrarily decided to give the class a test.
The company president is an assertive individual. The fans were astounded by their team's success. They astutely determined that there would be no chance to finish on time. Do you concur with the details of the business plan? Richard deceived Joe about the cost of the coat. The designated driver drove every one home after the party. The judge determined that the man was lying. Elicitation of the truth can be difficult at times. Charlotte embodi[es all of the qualities of a good leader. Dissa,tisfaction with government policies instigated the revolution.
His mother asked him to do all the mimdane household chores. The student's petition was denied. The relinquishment of his claim to the building will allow the building to be sold. The doctor was surprised by his patient's resilience. Desserts are more tempting when one is on a diet.
Optical illusions and their effects are often created through careful physical attributes, such as a nonstandard use of perspective, distorted angles, deceptive shading, unusual juxtaposition, and color effects. The Seneca Falls Convention, held in , started the woman's suffrage movement in the United States.
However, one controversial resolution, calling for the right of women to vote, narrowly passed. The ridicule of that provision of the Declaration caused many backers of women's rights to withdraw their support later on. Space law is concerned with the proper uses of outer space. The most important treaty of space laws was the Outer Space Treaty. The participants who crafted the treaty concluded that the moon and all other celestial bodies were to be free for exploration and use by all nations.
They also concurred that the use of weapons of mass destruction was to be forbidden in space. It is a common misconception that the U.
Congress has the constitutional power to legislate nearly anything for the general welfare. The Constitution gives Congress many powers, but it does not give Congress the power to legislate freely for the general welfare. In many instances, the Congress cannot force the states to abide, although it has the power to tempt states by the offer of money. Congress may try to cause the states to do something by means of offers of subsidies or grants, but it cannot compel them to accept the incentives.
Due to the astounding progress of integrated-circuit technology, an enormous number of transistors can be placed onto a single integrated-circuit chip. The first commercially successful microprocessor chip had only 4, transistors, but the newest high-end chips now have over ,, transistors.
Deer popullations have grown dramatically in the northeast United States in the last 20 years. Many residents are happy to have deer in their communities, but many others see them as a menace. Deer often wander into traffic, cause automobile accidents, trample lawns, eat flowers, and host insects that carry disease. Therefore, many residents are determined to restrict their movements, fence them out, or even eliminate them altogether.
The game of chess was not well organized until , when the world chess governing body, FIDE, asserted its control over international play. At that time, national chess groups immediately welcomed the chance to join the new federation. However, FIDE's authority has not been universally recognized and even today there is no general agreement as to the status of the world championship.
Social anthropologists attempt to illustrate the social emergence and evolution of the human race and to determine differences between human social organization and that of other primates. Despite the fact that all classifications of human societies and cultures are arbitrary, they also attempt to note differences between various human societies. In spite of these difficulties, anthropologists have made great advances in the identification and grouping of human civilizations.
The Monroe Doctrine allowed the United States to intervene in the affairs of Latin American countries in case of foreign invasion. Once the United States was designated to act on behalf of its neighbors to the south, episodes of foreign interference decreased until the s, when Cuba wanted the support and economic aid of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
His policies helped to shape and create what has now become a highly respected modem investigative organization. That was a bafjling question. Although stock prices declined, losses have been bearable for most investors. The whole accident is just a blur in my mind. She brilliantly produced a solution to the problem.
They entered into the negotiations cautiously. You must handle the antique delicately. The computer enhanced our productivity. Good teaching strategies facilitate student learning. The dogs' incessant barking kept the whole neighborhood up all night. The architects planned the building in conjunction with the engineers. The intriguing question baffled historians. A huge building obstructed the ocean view from the apartment.
John presented a persuasive argument for his salary increase. His boss assured him that he'd be recompensed for his extra efforts.
His style of writing is wiiquely his own. The experienced principal was well-suited for the job of superintendent of schools. A newborn chick uses its egg tooth to break the shell of its egg and escape from it at hatching. This toothlike structure is then shed since its only use is to help the bird break the eggshell.
Some animals, such as lizards and snakes, develop a true tooth that projects outside the row of other teeth. This tooth helps adults hatch their young. Imitation gems are usually made of glass or plastics. In recent years, an enormous array of plastics has become available for imitations, but these materials are soft and lack the clarity present in real gemstones. Therefore, they are less satisfactory for the purpose than glass.
Flint glasses, containing lead oxide, have higher refractive indices and therefore possess a brilliance not found in plastics. This makes flint glasses more suitable than plastic for imitation gems. During a shower, meteors appear to spread from a point in the sky, called the radiant. These radiant points give each shower its name.
For example, the Perseids shower appears to radiate from the constellation Perseus. During the heaviest showers, 30 to 70 meteors may be seen every hour, but on unique occasions in a spectacular display, that number may be visible every second.
Sometimes, advertisers impact society by the use of advocacy ads, whose purpose is not to persuade the public to buy a product, but to change the public's view about a specific issue. Companies use this advertising to influence public opinion. Critics say that such ads are unfairly one-sided; advertisers say that the mass media have been equally one-sided in failing to report company views.
In the mids, gold and silver were common components of dentures. As a result, they were very expensive. However, in , a process to harden the juices of certain tropical plants into rubber was discovered.
This new product could be molded to a model of a patient's mouth and artificial teeth could be made. As a result, when used in conjunction with new manufacturing methods, these molds caused the cost of dentures to fall dramatically. The issue of where human life first arose has always been an intriguing question for science.
Many guesses, or hypotheses, have been advanced, ranging from Asia to Europe. However, the oldest known human bones, or fossils, were discovered in East Africa in They are nearly 2 million years old. Their age was determined by measuring the age of the rocks surrounding them and comparing them to other fossils.
The Sioux and Cheyenne peoples told outsiders not to look for gold on Indian land. Eventually, the Sioux and Cheyenne had to defend their land against a U. Custer was cautioned by his advisors not to underestimate the strength of his opponent, but ignored their advice, resulting in the defeat of the U.
Clothing and adornments used among the southwest Native American populations often reflect the social status of an individual. Body painting and tattooing are common methods used to distinguish social status. Other methods include the use of lip, ear, and nose rings in addition to bracelets, arm bands, necklaces, and head ornaments made of delicate, colorful feathers.
In addition to their use as status markers, adornments are also used to enhance beauty. Species of alyssum are particularly suitable as edging plants for flower gardens. Alyssum is generally grayish with yellow or white flowers. One popular species is sweet alyssum, a perennial that grows up to nine inches tall. The narrow, green-gray leaf of the sweet alyssum usually bears many silvery hairs. In ancient times, the labyrinth was a structure composed of a complex series of passageways and chambers, probably at first designed to baffle enemies.
A labyrinth either had branched paths with misleading ends, or it contained one long meandering path that led to a central end. Com is the chief crop of the Midwest. Wool clothing has a certain coarseness in texture.
Female lawyers are commonplace in the United States. If you compare algebra and trigonometry, you'll discover that algebra is less complex. The universe has a complexity beyond comprehension.
To become integrated into a society, you must learn the conventions of that society. Sally was curiously interested in the history of Alaska. Modem telescopes can detect the faintest light emitted by distant stars. It is not safe to exceed the speed limit. They excluded everyone under 21 from the contest. Modem medicine has extinguished many previously serious illnesses. She was irrunensely interested in the idea of teaching a foreign language. He adhered rigidly to his opinions about marriage.
It is routine for students to become homesick at times. The horse lacked the stamina to win the race. Her income is su. Stars are more visible on a clear fall evening. North American trade patterns offer remarkable contrasts. Canada has a small population but with vast resources and high productivity. It has a low home consumption and depends on foreign trade more than any other developed country on the North American continent.
The United States, on the other hand, has an immense domestic market and the highest per capita consumption of goods in the world. It depends mainly on trade within its national borders. By the end of the 20th century, computers had greatly influenced the way in which we produced and printed documents. Letters and reports could be easily prepared on personal computers, because the user could see on the monitor what the text would look like when printed.
The task of writing was made even easier with the advent of more advanced word processing programs that checked spelling and grammar before printing. A wide range of fonts became available to the public, and their number was far greater than that of conventional printing processes. Thanks to progress in laser printing technology, the quality of text printed by laser printer soon surpassed that of commercially typeset material.
Contour mapping is the process by which a map is formed by constructing lines of equal values of that property from available data points. For example, a topographic map reveals the relief of an area by means of contour lines that represent elevation.
In addition to topography, there are examples of geophysical, geochemical, meteorological, sociological, and other variables that are routinely mapped by the method. The availability of plotting devices has permitted mapping by computer, which reduces the effect of human bias on the final product.
Motion-picture technology is a curious blend of the old and the new. In much of the equipment, state-of-the-art digital electronics may be working with a mechanical system invented in Moreover, the technology of motion pictures is based not only on the invention of still photography but also on a combination of several more or less independent technologies: camera and projector design, film manufacture and processing, sound recording and reproduction, and lighting and light measurement.
The durable surfacing of a road, airstrip, or similar area is known as a pavement. Its primary function is to transmit loads to the sub-base and underlying soil. Modern flexible pavements contain sand and gravel or crushed stone. These are compacted with a binder of bituminous material, such as asphalt or tar. Such a pavement demonstrates enough plasticity to absorb shocks.
Rigid pavements are made of concrete, composed of coarse and fine aggregate and portland cement, and usually reinforced with steel rod or mesh. Research indicates that Internet use may cause a person's attention span to shorten. Some experts estimate that the habitual user's span can drop to as little as that of a goldfish, roughly nine seconds. Of course, attention depends as much on content as delivery. It is comparatively easy to switch off some images, but comparatively hard to abandon others.
For example, computer games usually hold a user's attention longer than advertising. Water is a powerful solvent that acts as a catalyst for many reactions. It also stores heat and cold well. In terms of its composition, water has an unusually high boiling and freezing point. It also shows unusual volume changes with temperature. Water is easily the most complex of all common substances that are single chemical compounds.
Over several decades, scientists and engineers have confronted the issue of pollutants emitted by motor vehicles. Some of the waste products of the combustion process include carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas, and water vapor.
Though these by-products are not really harmful, many scientists theorize that carbon dioxide may contribute to the problem of global warming. However, the combustion process also produces carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons, all of which are known threats to human health. Due to government regulations that set emission standards, motor vehicle companies have significantly reduced the amount of harmful gases that are discharged by installing catalytic converters in vehicles.
The cotton gin, invented by Eli Whitney, was commonplace on many nineteenth-century farms. Although patented in , the ingenious design was imitated so much by others that Whitney gained only a modest financial reward from his simple invention. The cotton gin soon revolutionized farming in many parts of the South. The delicate look and feel of silk are deceptive. It is a strong, natural fiber, ranked in strength with synthetic nylon. To the naked eye, it appears to be smooth, but under the microscope, cultivated silk fiber looks coarse.
It is the coolest of hot-weather fabrics, and it can absorb up to 30 percent of its weight in moisture without feeling wet. Something that is thought to belong to a v.
The forest fire was attributed to careless campers who abandoned a live campfire. Lucy's brashness often got her into trouble at school. A clarification of the government's position on this matter is necessary. His concealment of the evidence made his case more difficult to prove. We have just received confirmation of your reservation on the flight to Los Angeles.
For the convenience of the student body, the library is located in a central location. They are loyal to the core. The runner accepted criticism from his coach very well. There is usually a discrepancy between how coffee smells and how it tastes. Distortion of the image from a microscope can be caused by low light. The diversity of life forms on the earth makes zoology an interesting area of study. Eventually the couple will pay off their mortgage and own their house prosperous adj.
Bacteria prosper under the proper conditions. He was authorized to spend the money for business purposes. The report made some revelations about the nature of the conflict. Due to a scarcity of water, a rationing plan was established. Leonardo da Vinci theorized that Earth was not the center of the universe. The geologic history of Earth reveals much information about the evolution of the continents, oceans, atmosphere, and biosphere. The layers of rock at Earth's surface contain evidence of the evolutionary processes these components underwent when each layer was formed.
By studying this rock record from the beginning, it is possible to track their development through time. Day-to-day weather constitutes a major element of the environment and an important factor in human well-being and activity. Agriculture, animal husbandry, transportation, and public health and safety are all greatly influenced by weather. Illumination plays a great role in our psychological and physical well-being. Light can model objects or flatten them, reveal colors or distort them, provide a cheerful environment or a gloomy one.
Glare and reflected glare can cause discomfort and reduce visibility. In addition to calculating illumination, a lighting engineer must deal with all of these problems through the choice of light sources and fixtures. The different appearance of animals is chiefly superficial; the diverse variety of known forms can be assorted among only a half-dozen basic body plans.
These plans are established during the embryonic stages of development and limit the size and complexity of the animals. Symmetry, number, and development of tissue, presence, and nature of body cavities, and several aspects of early development define these fundamental plans of organization. Rooms were usually added as prosperous families grew larger. This usually resulted in a series of large, open rooms laid end to end so that each would have an equal amount of sunlight. The medical profession is sometimes accused of being more interested in itself than the quality of care it delivers.
Many patients feel they don't get the attention they deserve; many see the profession as selfish to its core. Doctors rarely agree, as a recent survey comparing their attitudes and that of the public shows. Seventy percent of the public were disappointed in the quality of care; only 35 percent of the doctors agreed. Industrial cities appeared after the full development of industrial capitalism in the core nation-states of the eighteenth century.
One of the features of this industrial revolution was a dramatic increase in per capita production. This increase was made possible by the improved methods of manufacturing that were adopted by factories. The earliest complete calendars were probably based on lunar observations. But lunar years were not convenient for agricultural purposes. Therefore, to keep in step with the Sun, lunar-solar calendars were formed by adding an additional..
0コメント